During "Commando Hunt IV" (30 April–9 October 1971), U.S., South Vietnamese, and Laotian forces began to feel the North Vietnamese reaction to General Lon Nol's coup in Cambodia and the subsequent closure of the port of Sihanoukville to its supply shipments. It was composed of three parts: strings of air-dropped acoustic and seismic sensors collected intelligence on the trail; computers at the Intelligence Collection Center (ICS) in Thailand collated the information and predicted convoy paths and speeds; and an airborne relay and control aircraft which received the signals from the sensors and routed aircraft to targets as directed by the ICS. An after-action report dated 10 December 1968, signed by LTC Elvin R. Heiberg III is available in the National Archives. Includes maps, diagrams, and three student readings. Fifty-six tests were conducted by October; 85% were judged to be successful. Primary Source Sets Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen A letter from Ho Chi Minh to Harry Truman in 1946 regarding the US involvement in Vietnamese independence from France. [11]:44 On 20 March 1965, after the initiation of Operation Rolling Thunder against North Vietnam, President Lyndon B. Johnson gave approval for a corresponding escalation against the trail system. Ho Chi Minh Trail Tet Offensive Lyndon Johnson Richard Nixon Vietnamization Vietnam Veterans Against the War. About 500 of the "regroupees" of 1954 were sent south on the trail during its first year of operation. The trail shaved nearly five months of time off of the trip and was used as a secret weapon of sorts. The program drew enthusiasm from its military and civilian participants, who claimed that they were there to "make mud, not war. The Ho Chi Minh Trail is a system of trails made in the Vietnam War send North Vietnamese soldiers into South Vietnam and to help the Viet Cong fight against non-communist soldiers. [26]:75, The fighting in southeastern Laos was unlike any yet seen in the Vietnam War, since the PAVN abandoned its old hit-and-run tactics and launched a conventional counterattack. U.S. intervention came in the form of building and supporting a CIA-backed clandestine army in its fight with the communists and constant bombing of the trail. Ho Chi Minh Trail & Coastal Ride Tours (6) Top 9 Vietnam Dirtbike Tours (9) Destinations Ha Giang (3) America (3) Australia (3) Ho Chi Minh Trail (3) More Japan (3) Sapa (3) Phone: (+84 28) 3840 9292. How does his request align with stated U.S. policy? Primary Sources and Teaching Activities. North Vietnam’s name for the trail was the Truong Son Strategic Supply Route, after the … Transcript of Ho Chi Minh's Letter to U.S. President Harry Truman Source-Dependent Questions What was Ho Chi Minh asking President Truman for in the telegram? There were numerous supply bunkers, storage areas, barracks, hospitals, and command and control facilities, all concealed from aerial observation by an intricate system of natural and man-made camouflage that was constantly improved. The following day, the three aircraft departed from Udorn filled with tons of a mixture of nitrilotriacetic acid and sodium tripolyphosphate[citation needed] stuffed into cloth bags designed to break apart on impact. Use this page to find primary sources and document-based teaching activities related to the Vietnam War. Pierre Brocheux: Ho Chi Minh. Some sections have been paved over to make highways; other parts remain much as they were in the 1960s—narrow dirt tracks. Troops walk the Ho Chi Minh Trail in the Truong Son Mountains, which form the 750-mile-long spine of Vietnam, stretching along much of the country's western … Coordinated anti-aircraft fire made tactical air support and resupply difficult and costly, with 108 helicopters shot down and 618 others damaged. By spring 1972 the Americans and South Vietnamese realized that the enemy was planning a major offensive, but did not know where or when. The video clip is only four minutes long, but it is packed full of information that will keep your students engaged. Nightlife in Ho Chi Minh City, Places to go in Ho Chi Minh City at night. Traffic on the trail was little affected by repeated American bombing raids. [19], In November 1968, elements of the 4th Infantry Division, including infantry and combat engineers, embarked from the Plei Trap Valley in Vietnam and followed the Ho Chi Minh Trail into Cambodia and north into Laos, where they were extracted by helicopter on 1 December. He ranks among the most famous and influential politicians of the 20th century. THE WAR FOR THE HO CHI MINH TRAIL A thesis presented to the Faculty of the US Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE by; GREGORY T BANNER, MZAJ; USA B.S., United States Military Academy, West Point, New York, 1979 DTIC S ELECTE O•V 17 1993 A' Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 1993 Approved for public … The Ho Chi Minh trail, known within Vietnam as the “Truong Son Strategic Supply Route,” was an elaborate system of mountain and jungle trails linking North Vietnam to its allies in the South Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. [17], Throughout the war, ground operations by conventional units were somewhat limited to brief incursions into border sanctuaries. The vehicles were then unloaded and reloaded onto "fresh" trucks at each station. By the end of 1968, bombing missions over southern Laos had climbed 300 percent, from 4,700 sorties in October to 12,800 in November. it: “We wired the Ho Chi Minh Trail like a drugstore pinball machine, and we plug it in every night.” Official claims for Igloo White’s success were extraordinary: the destruction of over 35,000 North Vietnamese and Pathet Lao trucks, each carrying some 10,000 pounds of supplies destined for the communist insurgency in South Vietnam. Skip to secondary content. By 17 May, Quảng Trị City was retaken, but the South Vietnamese military ran out of steam. A good flowing trail network will have most trails flowing in a single direction according to their intension. [5] : 605, fn 58 The government sought cuts in a Vietnamese translation [133] and banned distribution of an issue of the Far Eastern Economic Review which carried a small item about the controversy. Primary Sources Ho Chi Minh. It was decided that the experiment had not justified the risk, and the project was cancelled. In May 1959, Group 559 was established to maintain and upgrade the Ho Chi Minh trail, at this time a six-month mountain trek through Laos. BenGoorts hat im Nov. 2017 eine Bewertung geschrieben. Bernard B. …the supplies moved over the Ho Chi Minh Trail, originally a network of footpaths and dirt roads (often paved after 1967) through communist-controlled areas in Laos and Cambodia. Ein Mensch, eine Nation, eine Epoche, eine Sache. Cover Image: Marines on Patrol Duty in Vietnam, ca. This paper studies the lines of communications (the Ho Chi Minh Trail) which went from North to South Vietnam, through Laos, during the Second Indochina War. Although an airborne assault managed to seize Tchepone, it was a useless victory, as the South Vietnamese could only hold the town for a short period before being withdrawn due to attacks on the main column. The replacement units arrived on 29 November. [clarification needed][citation needed], The situation was complicated for the U.S. by the launching of two smaller attacks by the North Vietnamese: the first aimed to seize Kon Tum in the Central Highlands to cut South Vietnam in two; the second provoked a series of battles in and around An Lộc, the capital of Bình Long Province. The bombing of the Ho Chi Minh Trail was completed in practice during the 1972nd By then, the United States, according to official sources released two million tons of bombs on Laos, an area the size of Norrland. During these operations, the North Vietnamese suffered approximately 100,000 casualties while the South Vietnamese suffered 30,000 fatalities during the fighting.[26]:183. Nightlife in Ho Chi Minh City, Places to go in Ho Chi Minh City at night. In January 1965, the U.S. command in Saigon requested control over bombing operations in the areas of Laos adjacent to South Vietnam's five northernmost provinces, claiming that the area was part of the "extended battlefield". Ho Chi Minh Trail 1964–73 Steel Tiger, Barrel Roll, and the secret air wars in Vietnam and Laos 1st Edition by Peter E. Davies and Publisher Osprey Publishing. Helps students link history and geographical skills through cooperative group learning. In reality, it was a sophisticated logistical network consisting of paved roads, C&C outposts and even a fuel pipeline system. When it rains—which it does a lot of in Phong Nha—the dirt Trail gets very muddy. [7]:303 This was made possible by the close-out of "Operation Rolling Thunder" and the commencement of "Operation Commando Hunt" in November 1968. Clouds were seeded by air with silver iodide smoke and then activated by launching a fuse fired from a flare pistol. [2]:261 The history claimed that allied aircraft destroyed some 4,000 trucks during the 1970–71 dry season, of which the C-130s alone destroyed 2,432 trucks. [6]:37 In 1969, 433,000 tonnes of ordnance fell on Laos. I used this source to gain a better understanding on Ho Chi Minh’s thoughts during the war. The sky was usually overcast with high temperatures. The print version of this textbook is ISBN: 9781472842534, 1472842537. Due to the withdrawal of U.S. aviation units from Southeast Asia, squadrons were flown into South Vietnam from Japan and the U.S. itself. The first arms delivery via the trail, a … North Vietnam also announced in October that it would observe a seven-day truce from January 27 to February 3, 1968, in honor of the Tet holiday. [7]:339–340, Initially, NVA fuel was carried by porters, but this was inefficient and time consuming, and thus highlighted the need to extend the pipeline at a much faster rate. By early-March 1971 the situation changed. The network of trails and volume of traffic expanded significantly beginning in the 1960s, but it still took more than one month’s march to travel from North to South Vietnam using it. Colors indicate trail is missing specified detail. [6]:218, Due to the increased effectiveness of "Commando Hunt", North Vietnamese transportation units usually took to the roads only at dusk with traffic peaking in the early morning hours. Thanks to improvements to the trail system (including opening new routes that would connect to the Sihanouk Trail in Cambodia), the quantity of supplies transported during 1965 almost equaled the combined total for the previous five years. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Unknown to the US, the enemy had also begun to transport and store more than 81,000 tonnes of supplies "to be utilized in a future offensive". The Ho Chi Minh Trail was first formed during the First Indochina War. Supply convoys moved in both directions. What had once been a 30-kilometre-wide (20 mi) supply corridor now stretched for 140 km (90 mi) from east to west. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2007, ISBN 0-521-85062-2. The trail's history as a line of communication (LOC) dates back to World War II, when Vietminh bands trekked the same jungle paths. Why would his request not be met considering the characterization of Ho Chi Minh by Operations Officer Archimedes Patti? [7]:371 In July 1973 the 259th Group was redesignated the Truong Son Command, the regimental sectors were converted to divisions, and the binh trams were designated as regiments. [7]:158, A common historical perspective supports the efficacy of the campaigns (despite their failure to halt or slow infiltration), as they did restrict enemy materiel and manpower in Laos and Cambodia. (CFR) Primary Menu. The responsibility to build the pipeline fell to Lieutenant Colonel Phan Tu Quang, who became the first Chief of the Fuel Supply Department, and Major Mai Trong Phuoc, who was the Commander of Road Work Team 18, the secret name for the workers who built the pipeline. Subjects: Social Studies - History, U.S. History, World History. Hanoi made the decision to stand and fight. Both North and South Vietnamese were to maintain control in the areas under their influence and negotiations between the two nations, possibly leading to a coalition government and unification, were to take place. Home. These efforts were hindered by morning fog and overcast, and by the smoke and haze produced by the slash-and-burn agriculture practiced by the indigenous population. Presumably the origin of the name came from the First Indochina War, when there was a Viet Minh maritime logistics line called the "Route of Ho Chi Minh",[1]:126 and shortly after late-1960, as the present trail developed, Agence France-Presse (AFP) announced that a north–south trail had now opened, and they named the corridor La Piste de Hồ Chí Minh, the 'Hồ Chí Minh Trail'. Colonel Vo Bam of North Vietnam was tasked to “Organizing a special military communication line to send supplies to the revolution in the South and create conditions for its development.” (Prados, 1999, p 9) The purpose of the trail was to bypass the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone. That night, at a party at one of the local CIA watering holes, the C-130 crews and the CIA operatives celebrated the successful mission. Auch ein großartiger Trail, um schöne Fotos zu machen. Official and Government Documents: Wilson Center Digital Archives: International History Declassified documents … Ho Chi Minh ... Sources seem to be all over the place on exactly when Kong Le split with the Pathet Lao and again sided with the Royal Laotian ... Ho Chi Minh trail. They were later collected downstream by nets and booms. PAVN responded to U.S. nighttime bombing by building the 1,000 kilometer-long Road K ("Green Road") from north of Lum Bum to lower Laos. All personnel were extracted by 1 December. In December 1974 the first phase of a limited PAVN offensive in South Vietnam began. One notable operation was Dewey Canyon which took place from 22 January to 18 March 1969 in I Corps. Many of the documents, photographs, and other sources found on this page are featured in the Remembering Vietnam: Twelve Critical Episodes in the Vietnam War exhibition. PAVN continued a campaign to clear the eastern flank of the trail that it had begun in 1968. [7]:182 A June 1966 DIA estimate credited the North Vietnamese with 1,000 km (600 mi) of passable roads within the corridor, at least 300 km (200 mi) of which were good enough for year-round use. [7]:313, Of all the weapons systems used against the trail, according to the official North Vietnamese history of the conflict, the AC-130 Spectre fixed-wing gunship was the most formidable adversary. [7]:369 This was the first U.S. aircraft shot down by a SAM that far south during the conflict. Destination 3 columns ; Destination 4 columns; Destination Single; Blog; About; Contact; Tour list. Ho Chi Minh, founder of the Indochina Communist Party (1930) and its successor, the Viet-Minh (1941), and president of North Vietnam (1945–69). As a test of Vietnamization, "Lam Son 719" failed; one-half of the invasion force was lost during the operation. [2]:88 By 1965 the U.S. command in Saigon estimated that communist supply requirements for their southern forces amounted to 234 tons of all supplies per day and that 195 tons were moving through Laos.[11]:97. The number of supply and maintenance personnel dropped, mainly due to increased use of motor and river transport and mechanized construction equipment. Another weapon in the U.S. arsenal was unleashed upon the trail on 10 December 1965, when the first B-52 Stratofortress bomber strike was conducted in Laos. His father, Nguyen Sinh Huy was a teacher employed by the French. During the Vietnam War, it served as the primary … [30]:225 After an ineffective attempt to halt the offensive, Saigon fell to North Vietnamese forces on 30 April 1975.[30]:133–135. Nationalist revolutionary Ho Chi-Minh was president of North Vietnam from 1954 to 1969. Citation Information Ho Chi Minh, "Letter from The area fell under the auspices of "Operation Tiger Hound". The incursion started on 25 November and ended 1 December. Ho Chi Minh was born in Vietnam in 1890. [10]:92, Early in 1969, the pipeline crossed the Lao frontier through the Mu Gia Pass and, by 1970, it reached the approaches to the A Shau Valley in South Vietnam. William J. Duiker: Ho Chi Minh. The single oil pipeline that had once terminated near the A Shau Valley now consisted of four lines (the largest 20 cm [eight inches] in diameter) and extended south to Lộc Ninh. The southwest monsoon (commonly called the rainy season) from mid-May to mid-September, brought heavy precipitation (70% of 3,800 mm (150 in) per year). Ho Chi Minh Trail definition: a network of jungle paths winding from North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia into South... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Fall's interview who knew most about Ho Chi Minh and Vietnam back then. The targets on those two missions were at the north end of A Shau Valley, in South Vietnam, but were unsuccessful. Skip to primary content. Two A-1E Skyraider aircraft provided air cover. Contains links to documents such as the Declaration of Independence, Democratic Republic of Vietnam, Ho chi Minh Letter to LBJ, and the transcript of a speech titled Program for Communist China. Supplies also came into South Vietnam by sea, directly across the northern border, and, especially after 1967, through the Cambodian port of… [12], The intricacies of Laotian affairs, and U.S. and North Vietnamese interference in them, led to a mutual policy of each ignoring the other, at least in the public eye. The Vietnam War . On 13 May 1972, South Vietnam launched a counteroffensive with four divisions backed by massive U.S. air support. Two other missions were flown by the same aircrews, operating out of Cam Ranh Air Base in South Vietnam. It also fed fuel and ammunition to BA 607 and on into South Vietnam's, BA 612 was used for support of the B-3 Front in the. Materiel sent from the north was stored in caches in the border regions that were soon retitled "Base Areas" (BA), which, in turn, became sanctuaries for NLF and PAVN forces seeking respite and resupply after conducting operations in South Vietnam. They also provided support for the Lao government.[13][14]. A "Binh Tram" was the equivalent of a regimental logistical headquarters and was responsible for securing a particular section of the network. During 1968 the USAF undertook two experimental operations that it hoped would worsen the monsoons. The aircraft flew above 5,000 feet (1,500 m) until near the target area, then descended to treetop level for the run into the target, flying in trail formation with 1,000 feet (300 m) between aircraft. The "Nguyen Hue Offensive"—better known as the "Easter Offensive"—was underway. However, the students did not … From there, the coordination and distribution of men and supplies into South Vietnam's Military Region (MR) I and BAs further south was accomplished. It was a combination of truck routes and paths for foot and bicycle traffic. Primary source documents included on this site generally come from the holdings of the National Archives and are in the public domain, except as noted. [5]:27 "Barrel Roll" continued in northeastern Laos while the southern panhandle was bombed in "Operation Steel Tiger". Considering that it is a primary source, I find this to be credible. "[2]:170, There were nine Binh Trams between the dry season of 1967 to August 1968. Trailforks scans users ridelogs to determine the most popular direction each trail is ridden. Testing on the second operation, "Project Commando Lava", began on 17 May: scientists from Dow Chemical had created a chemical concoction that, when mixed with rainwater, destabilized the soil and created mud. During 1971 PAVN took Paksong and advanced to Pakse, at the heart of the Bolaven Plateau region of Laos. The Ho Chi Minh Trail was a network of roads built from North Vietnam to South Vietnam through the neighboring countries of Laos and Cambodia, to provide logistical support to the Vietcong and the North Vietnamese Army during the Vietnam War. [27], As South Vietnamese forces were on the verge of collapse, President Richard M. Nixon responded by increasing the magnitude of the U.S. air support. A good flowing trail network will have most trails flowing in a single direction according to their intension. U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) analysts concluded that during the 1965 Laotian dry season the enemy was moving 30 trucks per day (90 tonnes) over the trail, far above the Saigon estimate,[11]:104 demonstrating a key problem which arose when discussing the North Vietnamese supply effort and U.S. attempts to halt it. Trails are compared with nearby trails in the same city region with a possible 25 colour shades. [11]:59 "Steel Tiger" was only one of several escalations approved under National Security Action Memorandum 328. On 18 November 1965, the first mission was launched "across the fence" and into Laos by the MACV-SOG. On Thanksgiving evening, a traditional turkey dinner was delivered by helicopter to the troops in Laos by order of President Johnson. The trail was a combination of truck routes, and bicycle and footpaths. Fall. The system provided support, in the form of manpower and … History remembers the Ho Chi Minh Trail as a primitive series of dirt paths winding from North Vietnam to the south. The route south was the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The colour categories are based on what percentage of riders are riding a trail in its intended direction. Hilfreich. It began to muster forces which would eventually number 60,000 PAVN troops as well as several thousand allied Pathet Lao troops and Lao irregulars, outnumbering the ARVN by almost three to one. [13]:115–122, In October 1965, General Westmoreland received authorization to launch a U.S. cross-border recon effort. It was composed of four units, one division and three equivalent units: the 968th Infantry Division; 470th Group; 565th MAG; and 571st Rear Group. Schau dir 85 Fotos und 17 Insider-Tipps an und erfahr alles Interessante dazu. Efforts were gradually made to improve the trail, which by the late 1960s could accommodate heavy trucks in some sections and was supplying the needs of several hundred thousand regular North Vietnamese troops active in South Vietnam. Eventually, the bulk of the trail was either asphalted or hard packed, thus allowing large quantities of supplies to be moved even during the rainy season. Tour list. Hotline: 0937 099 229 … 1965 Search for: Hit Enter to search or Esc key to close. "[16], Despite U.S. anti-infiltration efforts, the estimated number of PAVN infiltrators for 1966 was between 58,000 and 90,000 troops, including five full enemy regiments. The area through which the system meandered was among the most challenging in Southeast Asia: a sparsely-populated region of rugged mountains 500–2,400 metres (1,500–8,000 ft) in elevation, triple-canopy jungle and dense tropical rainforests. [25]:358, PAVN forces began to squeeze in on the main line of the ARVN advance. Your Filter: Keywords. On the last mission, the third aircraft, commanded by Captain John Butterfield, was seriously damaged by ground fire. Due to the adoption of a conventional offensive, and the logistical effort needed to sustain it, PAVN placed itself squarely in the sights of U.S. air power and its casualties were high. In October the number of trucks observed heading south on the Ho Chi Minh trail jumped from the previous monthly average of 480 to 1,116. The CIA estimated during the year that the 559th Group was using 20 bulldozers, 11 road graders, three rock crushers, and two steamrollers for maintenance and new road construction. [Directed by Maxwell Sørensen, narrated by Cameron Paterson]. The only way the invasion force managed to extricate itself from Laos was through the massive application of U.S. air support. The answer came on 30 March 1972 when 30,000 PAVN troops, supported by more than 300 tanks, crossed the border and invaded Quảng Trị Province. On the previous day, three airmen from the squadron had scouted the target area south of Tchepone in a two-engine CIA aircraft piloted by a civilian employee. Accordingly, work was undertaken to connect a series of old trails leading from the panhandle of North Vietnam southward along the upper slopes of the Annamese Cordillera (French: Chaîne Annamitique; Vietnamese: Truong-Son) into eastern Laos and Cambodia and thence into South Vietnam. [29], Command then devolved upon PAVN Major General Hoàng Thế Thiện. This video worksheet allows students learn about the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The diary tells of the soldier’s grueling journey through Laos, over the Ho Chi Minh Trail, and reveals his personal motivations for fighting. DocsTeach. Pre-First Indochina War, the routes were known as the "Southward March", "Eastward March", "Westward March", and "Northward March". A Life. The same applied to the roads to Northern Laos. 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